Arthritis Basics

Arthritis refers to the inflammation or swelling of any joint(s) in our bodies. There are more than 100 different types of arthritis that affects the joints as well as other parts of the body. It is considered as one of the most common long term (chronic) disorders and also one of the most common causes of disability. About 46 million American adults have been reported to be suffering from some form of arthritis. Annually, about 19 million individuals suffer from limitations in physical activity due to arthritis.

Causes and Risk Factors

The joints in our body are covered and protected by several types of tissues which ensure its smooth functioning. Among these, the one known as cartilage, covers the joint surfaces and helps in smooth movement of the joint. Any abnormality or condition that affects the health of these tissues can result in arthritis.

Some of the common factors associated with inflammation of the joints include:

-Presence of autoimmune disorders (a condition where our body's immune/defense system attacks healthy cells instead of diseased ones)
-Bone fractures
-"Wear and tear" of the joints, because of age or overuse (as in athletes)
-Bacterial or viral infections

These factors cause progressive damage to the cartilage and other tissues of the joint resulting in arthritis if not identified and treated/corrected early.

Types

As mentioned before, there are over a 100 different types of arthritis. These are generally associated with some underlying disorder that would have initiated the changes.

A few of the major types of arthritis include the following:

-Osteoarthritis - most common type
-Ankylosing spondylitis
-Gout
-Gonococcal arthritis
-Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (arthritis noted mostly in children)
-Rheumatoid arthritis (noted only in adults)
-Nongonococcal bacterial arthritis (arthritis associated with bacterial infections)
-Psoriatic arthritis (associated with a skin disorder known as psoriasis)
-Reactive arthritis (commonly noted in a condition called Reiter syndrome)
-Arthritis associated with scleroderma
-Arthritis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

Symptoms and Signs

Arthritis is commonly associated with inflammation, pain, stiffness and limited movement in the affected joints. In some cases, warmth and redness around the joint may also be noted. The severity of the symptoms and signs may vary with the type and severity of arthritis. Other symptoms that may be specific to the underlying cause can also be present.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of arthritis is based on the signs and symptoms reported, and certain diagnostic procedures such as physical examination and imaging studies. The doctor will examine the affected joint and check for restricted movements. Additionally, the presence of swelling and redness in the joints is also evaluated. Imaging studies which can include x-rays, CT and MRI scans, can help identify the amount of damage, and also verify the underlying cause of arthritis.

Blood tests and laboratory evaluation of the fluid sample taken from the joint (done specifically in cases of moderate to large swelling) are also advised.

Treatment

The treatment of arthritis may be individualized based on the underlying cause. Nevertheless, certain treatment approaches are common in all cases of arthritis. The aim of such treatment is to reduce the pain, improve the functioning of the affected joint(s) and to prevent further damage.

Some of these treatment approaches include:

-Physical therapy - adequate rest with ice or heat application to the affected joints provides relief. Splints or other devices to support the joints may also be indicated. Exercise helps in mobilizing the joints, and improves flexibility and strength of the joints.
-Lifestyle modifications - get enough sleep, avoid standing in the same position for long durations, have a healthy diet, and lose weight if you are overweight.
-Medications - medications to relieve inflammation and pain may be advised if sufficient relief is not obtained with physical therapy and lifestyle modifications
-Surgery - may be advised in cases where the joint has undergone considerable amount of damage

Outcome and Prevention

Pain and discomfort can be relieved in most of the individuals. However, it may relapse and may require to be treated again. Lifestyle modifications as mentioned before can help in preventing arthritis associated with age and overuse.